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Indonesia's 2023 MIKTA Chairmanship as A Middle Power Foreign Policy: Advancing Multilateralism From A Like- Minded Partnership Standpoint
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdurrahman Al-Fatih Ifdal
JURNAL HUBUNGAN LUAR NEGERI,
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Hubungan Luar Negeri
Abstract
A sphere of multilateralism is often construed as a prerequisite for a like-minded middle power partnership. It reflects the very nature of middle power partnerships. This paper seeks to explore Indonesia’s middle power foreign policy in advancing multilateralism through its MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, and Australia) chairmanship in 2023. This paper thus collects relevant data from MIKTA’s resources and documents to further scrutinize its middle power agenda. It should be noted that MIKTA’s flexibility in organizing its agenda is an indispensable part of itself. Thus, this paper provides in-depth research on geopolitical trends of a middle powers partnership that is like-minded in nature. It then concludes how such trends influence Indonesia’s chairmanship in MIKTA. This paper is structured to understand and interpret Indonesia’s 2023 MIKTA chairmanship from the perspective of like-mindedness in foreign policy analysis. For such, the paper will use a foreign policy action analysis with a primary focus on actions conducted by and/or in relation to MIKTA. This paper shows that Indonesia’s 2023 chairmanship in MIKTA is a quest to demonstrate Indonesia’s middle power foreign policy. This paper recommends for Indonesia’s 2023 MIKTA chairmanship to critically transform MIKTA’s minilateralism approach in order to produce concrete deliverables by starting to utilize multilateralism as a means to fulfill Indonesia’s interests as a middle power and MIKTA’s institutional purposes as a norm- builder in addressing major global issues.
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- Das, Shubhamitra. 2022. Middle Power Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific: India and Australia at the Forefront. International Studies 58(4): 513–529.
- David, C.P. and Roussel, S., 1998. “Middle Power Bluesâ€Â: Canadian Policy and International Security after the Cold Warâ€Â. American Review of Canadian Studies, 28(1- 2): 131–156.
- Downie, C., 2017. One in 20: the G20, middle powers and global governance reform. Third World Quarterly, 38(7): 1493–1510.
- Edström, H. and Westberg, J., 2020. The defense strategies of middle powers: Competing for security, influence and status in an era of unipolar demise. Comparative Strategy, 39(2): 171–190.
- Efstathopoulos, C., 2018. Middle powers and the behavioural model. Global Society, 32(1): 47–69.
- Gilley, Bruce and O’Neil, Andrew (eds.). Middle Powers and the Rise of China. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2014.
- Hoffman, A. M., 2002. A conceptualization of trust in international relations. European Journal of International Relations, 8(3): 375–401.
- Hurrell, A., 2000. Some reflections on the role of intermediate powers in international institutions. Paths to power: Foreign policy strategies of intermediate states, 244, 1–11.
- Ifdal, Abdurrahman Al-Fatih. 2022. “Examining Options for Indonesia to Incorporate ASEAN’s Interests through the G20 Presidency of Indonesia: A Thorough Analysis.†Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 7 No. 1 (January-June 2022).
- John, J.V., 2014. “Becoming and being a middle power: Exploring a new dimension of South Korea’s foreign policyâ€Â. China Report, 50(4): 325–341.
- Jongryn, M. 2014. MIKTA, Middle Powers, and New Dynamics of Global Governance: The G20’s Evolving Agenda. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Jordaan, Eduard. 2017. The Emerging Middle Power Concept: Time to say Goodbye? South African Journal of International Affairs 24, no. 3: 395–412.
- Keohane, Robert O. 1969. ‘Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics’. International Organization, 23: 291–310.
- Kim, S., 2022. “Roles and Limitations of Middle Powers in Shaping Global Cyber Governanceâ€Â. The International Spectator, 57(3): 31–
- Knudsen, O. F. 1989. [Review of Ideology and Foreign Policy: Problems of Comparative Conceptualization, by W. Carlsnaes]. Cooperation and Conflict, 24(2): 99–102.
- MIKTA. 2023. Joint Communique 23rd MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (New Delhi, 2 March 2023).
- MIKTA. 2022. Joint Communique 20th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (Videoconference, 7 March 2022).
- MIKTA. 2021. Joint Communique 18th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (Videoconference, 03 February 2021).
- MIKTA. 2020. Joint Communique 16th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (Mexico City, 11 February 2020).
- MIKTA. 2019. Joint Communique 14th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, Yogyakarta, 7 February 2019.
- Siswo Pramono, 2018. MIKTA: Current Situation and the Way Forward. Jakarta: Policy Analysis and Development Agency–Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. 2022. Agenda Prioritas Keketuaan Indonesia pada MIKTA 2023. Jakarta: Badan Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri.
- Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency. 2023. Regulation of the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of National Development Planning Agency on Governmental Work Plan Draft of 2023. State Bulletin Number 486 of 2022.
- Olivier, G., 2011. From colonialism to partnership in Africa–Europe relations?. The International Spectator, 46(1): 53–67.
- ÖniÅŸ, Z. and Kutlay, M., 2017. “The dynamics of emerging middle-power influence in regional and global governance: the paradoxical case of Turkeyâ€Â. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71(2): 164–183.
- Potter, W.C., 1980. “Issue area and foreign policy analysisâ€Â. International Organization, 34(3): 405–427.
- Renshon, J. 2017. Fighting for status: Hierarchy and conflict in world politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Republic of Indonesia. 2022. Presidential Regulation on Updated Governmental Work Plan of 2023. Presidential Regulation No. 134 of 2022. State Gazette of 2022 Number 242.
- Robertson, J., 2017. Middle-power definitions: confusion reigns supreme. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71(4): 355–370.
- Schiavon, J.A. and DomÃÂnguez, D., 2016. “Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, and Australia (MIKTA): Middle, regional, and constructive powers providing global governanceâ€Â. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 3(3): 495–504.
- Stephen, M., 2013. The concept and role of middle powers during global rebalancing. Seton Hall J. Dipl. & Int'l Rel., 14.
- Sucu, A.E., Safranchuk, I., Nesmashnyi, A. and Iskandarov, Q., 2021. Transformation of middle powers with the decline of world hegemony: the case of Turkey. Strategic analysis, 45(4): 307–320.
- Vasudevan, H., 2019. “Regimesâ€Â, Regional cooperation organizations and the promise of “proto-regimesâ€Â. Indo-Russian relations in the 21st century and the challenge of Vladimir Putin’s “values†initiatives. UNISCI Journal, (49): 113–118.
- Volgy, T.J. and Gordell, K.M., 2019. “Rising powers, status competition, and global governance: a closer look at three contested concepts for analyzing status dynamics in international politicsâ€Â. Contemporary Politics, 25(5): 512–531.
- Wight, M., 1978. Power Politics. edited by H. Bull and C. Holbraad. Londýn: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
References
Das, Shubhamitra. 2022. Middle Power Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific: India and Australia at the Forefront. International Studies 58(4): 513–529.
David, C.P. and Roussel, S., 1998. “Middle Power Bluesâ€Â: Canadian Policy and International Security after the Cold Warâ€Â. American Review of Canadian Studies, 28(1- 2): 131–156.
Downie, C., 2017. One in 20: the G20, middle powers and global governance reform. Third World Quarterly, 38(7): 1493–1510.
Edström, H. and Westberg, J., 2020. The defense strategies of middle powers: Competing for security, influence and status in an era of unipolar demise. Comparative Strategy, 39(2): 171–190.
Efstathopoulos, C., 2018. Middle powers and the behavioural model. Global Society, 32(1): 47–69.
Gilley, Bruce and O’Neil, Andrew (eds.). Middle Powers and the Rise of China. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2014.
Hoffman, A. M., 2002. A conceptualization of trust in international relations. European Journal of International Relations, 8(3): 375–401.
Hurrell, A., 2000. Some reflections on the role of intermediate powers in international institutions. Paths to power: Foreign policy strategies of intermediate states, 244, 1–11.
Ifdal, Abdurrahman Al-Fatih. 2022. “Examining Options for Indonesia to Incorporate ASEAN’s Interests through the G20 Presidency of Indonesia: A Thorough Analysis.†Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 7 No. 1 (January-June 2022).
John, J.V., 2014. “Becoming and being a middle power: Exploring a new dimension of South Korea’s foreign policyâ€Â. China Report, 50(4): 325–341.
Jongryn, M. 2014. MIKTA, Middle Powers, and New Dynamics of Global Governance: The G20’s Evolving Agenda. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jordaan, Eduard. 2017. The Emerging Middle Power Concept: Time to say Goodbye? South African Journal of International Affairs 24, no. 3: 395–412.
Keohane, Robert O. 1969. ‘Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics’. International Organization, 23: 291–310.
Kim, S., 2022. “Roles and Limitations of Middle Powers in Shaping Global Cyber Governanceâ€Â. The International Spectator, 57(3): 31–
Knudsen, O. F. 1989. [Review of Ideology and Foreign Policy: Problems of Comparative Conceptualization, by W. Carlsnaes]. Cooperation and Conflict, 24(2): 99–102.
MIKTA. 2023. Joint Communique 23rd MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (New Delhi, 2 March 2023).
MIKTA. 2022. Joint Communique 20th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (Videoconference, 7 March 2022).
MIKTA. 2021. Joint Communique 18th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (Videoconference, 03 February 2021).
MIKTA. 2020. Joint Communique 16th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (Mexico City, 11 February 2020).
MIKTA. 2019. Joint Communique 14th MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, Yogyakarta, 7 February 2019.
Siswo Pramono, 2018. MIKTA: Current Situation and the Way Forward. Jakarta: Policy Analysis and Development Agency–Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. 2022. Agenda Prioritas Keketuaan Indonesia pada MIKTA 2023. Jakarta: Badan Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri.
Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency. 2023. Regulation of the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of National Development Planning Agency on Governmental Work Plan Draft of 2023. State Bulletin Number 486 of 2022.
Olivier, G., 2011. From colonialism to partnership in Africa–Europe relations?. The International Spectator, 46(1): 53–67.
ÖniÅŸ, Z. and Kutlay, M., 2017. “The dynamics of emerging middle-power influence in regional and global governance: the paradoxical case of Turkeyâ€Â. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71(2): 164–183.
Potter, W.C., 1980. “Issue area and foreign policy analysisâ€Â. International Organization, 34(3): 405–427.
Renshon, J. 2017. Fighting for status: Hierarchy and conflict in world politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Republic of Indonesia. 2022. Presidential Regulation on Updated Governmental Work Plan of 2023. Presidential Regulation No. 134 of 2022. State Gazette of 2022 Number 242.
Robertson, J., 2017. Middle-power definitions: confusion reigns supreme. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71(4): 355–370.
Schiavon, J.A. and DomÃÂnguez, D., 2016. “Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, and Australia (MIKTA): Middle, regional, and constructive powers providing global governanceâ€Â. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 3(3): 495–504.
Stephen, M., 2013. The concept and role of middle powers during global rebalancing. Seton Hall J. Dipl. & Int'l Rel., 14.
Sucu, A.E., Safranchuk, I., Nesmashnyi, A. and Iskandarov, Q., 2021. Transformation of middle powers with the decline of world hegemony: the case of Turkey. Strategic analysis, 45(4): 307–320.
Vasudevan, H., 2019. “Regimesâ€Â, Regional cooperation organizations and the promise of “proto-regimesâ€Â. Indo-Russian relations in the 21st century and the challenge of Vladimir Putin’s “values†initiatives. UNISCI Journal, (49): 113–118.
Volgy, T.J. and Gordell, K.M., 2019. “Rising powers, status competition, and global governance: a closer look at three contested concepts for analyzing status dynamics in international politicsâ€Â. Contemporary Politics, 25(5): 512–531.
Wight, M., 1978. Power Politics. edited by H. Bull and C. Holbraad. Londýn: Royal Institute of International Affairs.